Saturday, October 6, 2007

How to Create a Wealthy Lifestyle With eBay

How to Create a Wealthy Lifestyle With eBay
by Donald Mckenzie Jr

Today, drop shippers are creating many websites and selling numerous products to make a fortune. If you do a Google search for drop shippers, you will find an unlimited amount of websites for them. It is considered to be a very big opportunity on the internet.

Why is Drop Shipping so Popular?

The main reason why drop shipping has become so popular is that it is by far the most efficient way to sell retail products. Anyone surfing the web will find a site selling a product they want and then make a purchase. The drop shipper owner will then pass that order to their wholesaler along with full payments.

From that point on, the wholesaler will process the order, package the product with the website owner's business name, and ships it directly to the customer. The website owner or drop shipper bought the product at wholesale price and then sold it to the customer for whatever price they could charge, and profited from the difference. This type of business holds many promises for certain individuals with the willingness to work hard.

However, there is more to this than you may think. There is no “baggage” because there is no physical store to operate or any inventory to keep. Stores like Costco will get better wholesale prices because they buy in very large quantities. They still do not make as much profit on each item as a drop shipper because of the costs of operating the store itself.

Being a drop shipper with eBay

Today, websites are much cheaper to create and operate than an actual retail store. They sometimes require a rather sizeable investment of both time and money. Websites alone are known to eat up a lot of money. To the internet rookies, they can cost a fortune. Luckily, this is where eBay will step in.

For a very small investment, you can post your items on eBay and be exposed to many potential customers with money in hand waiting to buy. In this fashion you do not have to worry much about maintenance or extra hosting fees.

Because of the massive traffic on eBay, it is highly possible to make a large amount of money by becoming a drop shipper. If you just think of the eBay’s tiny fee as a business expense, there really is no downside to the arrangement. This is much easier than starting your own website and worrying about building traffic for sales. Everything is right there for you.

Here are a few simple secrets that current drop shippers use to make a fortune off eBay;

1) Finding a profitable niche.

For those of you who have not heard of this term; a niche is a specialty or subject that you will focus on when deciding what products to offer your potential customers.

Choose something you know a lot about as you may have a better idea of the pricing for products you are familiar with. You may also know what your customers are willing to pay for products.

2) Find reliable drop shipment suppliers.

This may take some time and research by you. If you are very lucky, you may find a local wholesale supplier willing to drop ship products for you to your customers. Another choice is to consult a drop ship wholesale directory in order to find the type of products you want to offer within your niche.

3) List items on eBay.

This is an important step even if you want to sell items on a small website. Remember that eBay is a site filled with massive amounts of traffic each day.

4) Keep you customers for future sales.

Not only is this easy but also highly important. Use the list of customers which you have gathered to offer deals, or new products you may offer in future sales. You can even just send those prospects tips and information about your sales.

5) Expand your product base.

If you happen to add new products to your niche, your customers are more likely to return to the website. If it is a hot new item “fresh” out on the market there is an even higher percentage they will purchase it. You may also want to consider trying to jump into another niche. This will show your customers that you are well rounded as a seller.

While some people may not like the idea of depending upon eBay for their business, the issue still remains that drop shippers can benefit from this dynamic partnership. Because of the incredibly low operational costs associated with drop shipping, the eBay fee is a very small price to pay for the high traffic offered by the site.

There is no better time to become a drop shipper than today. If you decide to join in, then it is highly recommended that you use eBay’s services. For just a tiny fee you get access to a missive amount of customers with money in hand waiting to buy something. There are many individuals who earn $12,000 to $15,000 per month as drop shippers. There is an unlimited number of opportunities presently available in the home business industry.

Copyright 2007 Donald Mckenzie Jr

Donald Mckenzie Jr has used ebay for more than 6 years. He is a top power seller and thrives on helping others succeed. For access to more of his popular eBay articles and e-books, visit his website. http://simple-ebay-strategies.blogspot.com

How to Easily Succeed on eBay

How to Easily Succeed on eBay
by Donald Mckenzie Jr

On any given date, there are millions of everyday people wanting to sell things on eBay. They all know that eBay is the top home business opportunity in the nation right now. It is just human natural that many are eager to find highly profitable items to sell. However it is very important to know that every single item cannot be sold on eBay. Many items can even land a person in federal prison due to resell rights and plainly violating the law.

Here is a short list of items that eBay will ban from sales:

1. The bootleg movies made by people who sneak a movie camera into a theatre and record a new movie. There happens to be a large production of these counterfeit items in Asia. The law of the United States has no power over this.

2. Computer games and software applications can easily be copied. Consequently their sale is illegal by all US laws. If you have the legal copy, then it is okay to sell. You just need to provide proof to eBay.

3. Cigarettes, cigars, smokeless tobacco or coupons for similar items are not allowed.

4. Alcoholic beverages are never allowed for sale. However, the container itself may be sold on eBay.

5. The counterfeit market for pocketbooks, sunglasses and clothing is always forbidden. These items are sold in stores around the country, but they operate by chance.

6. Firearms are strictly regulated by US law and may not be sold on eBay.

7. Satellite and cable television descramblers are not only illegal, but also forbidden by the government.

8. Animals and wildlife products may never be sold. This includes stuffed birds and pets from endangered species. This area is highly complex and any rookie seller needs to thoroughly understand the various laws before getting involved.

9. Tickets to events are not permitted to be sold either. Even though this law varies from state to state when selling in person, it is not allowed on eBay.

10. Any catalogs of items that a seller offers for sale is strictly forbidden. The only catalogs legally sold on eBay are for collectibles. These include old baseball cards or dolls.

One thing you can absolutely do is sell products for other companies. This is known as drop shipment. What you basically do is link with another company and they will sign you up to sell items from them. You sell the items for an amount at which you choose, and when it is sold, you get the difference after taxes are taken away.

Time and time again this has been a proven, simple, and elegant formula for anybody with a few spare hours to make good profits online. It really requires no prior technical knowledge and even a complete internet newbie can succeed. You also do a bit of searching online for good drop shippers and set up a few auctions on eBay. If you do everything correctly, you will be amazed at how easy it is to make a great monthly income.

Always keep in mind that when serving as a drop shipper, there is the small eBay fee. So remember to calculate it into your budget. A very good tactic used on eBay, is to set up a bunch of very cheap auctions all around in different categories, and wait until they sell. This is actually very smart because they will add up and put more spending money into your pocket.

Copyright 2007 Donald Mckenzie Jr

Donald Mckenzie Jr has used ebay for more than 6 years. He is a top power seller and thrives on helping others succeed. For access to more of his popular eBay articles and e-books, visit his website. http://simple-ebay-strategies.blogspot.com

How to Start Earning on eBay

How to Start Earning on eBay
by Pete Egeler

Almost every single day, on almost every forum that you visit, you still see
the same question cropping up.

"I want to start selling on eBay.. Where can I buy products wholesale."

WRONG!

You don't need to start out on eBay with a ton of products from some whole-
sale source, only to find nobody wants them and you've got a house full.

In the first place, if you're just starting out on eBay you want to keep all of
your expenses at a bare minimum. Don't go overboard buying things you do
not need.

Look around you. Find something you don't want or need any more, and put
it on eBay for sale.

You want to get a "feel" for how the auctions work, what draws visitors to your
particular auction, and how you can make your next auction better.

By starting out with something you have that you no longer want or need, you
don't have anything tied up in a product that may not sell. And, you have the
luxury of "testing" a couple of different ad approaches without spending an arm
and a leg.

Bottom line.. Don't buy anything until you've tested the waters to discover if eBay
is really for you.

By following the above tip, you can test a couple of different items on eBay, and
have no more than a dollar or two tied up in your efforts.

Beats the heck out of a garage full of "widgets" that you can't even give away.

# # # # # # # # # # # # # # #
Pete Egeler is the author of the popular eBook, "Dumpster Diving for eBay
Profits", and a regular seller of "cheap and free stuff" on eBay. You can find out more
by visiting his web site.. http://shmyl.com/ciaa

About the Author

Pete Egeler has been selling on eBay for over two years, using the medium as a method of increasing, not replacing his income. He's the author of "Dumpster Diving for eBay Profits" which can be found at: http://shmyl.com/ciaa

Internet Marketing and Business Online Secrets

Internet Marketing and Business Online Secrets
by David walls

Do you think that is so easy as it sounds? Well,you may come across numerous yellow headline and sites that show big green bars of make money. But do you think all of them are true... well the answer may irk you, they're not! Some of you might have already thrown bucks in the 'Get Rich' hole. Eight out of every Pro Internet Marketers drop out due to lack of proper guidance. Hype does all the poison.Some people, who believe knowledge is powerful than any sole too had thrown dollars on the Google Silver Plate. Though many people managed the basics & the classroom work,they failed in the Google Game! Yes, you heard it right, it's the AdWords I call a game. I don't mean Google is fraudulent or deceptive. Google Terms of Service are crystal clear. But the problem is that people are ignorant of Google AdWords keyword techniques and Advertising Techniques.With anxiety and hype they go for the game too early and lose money. (really so huge....!)

You may be concluding yourself that small business in Internet Marketing is a hoax, and sales occur once in a Blue Moon day. But you're entirely wrong. It's a fact that only 15% of the Keyword arena is being exploited currently. There are more than 4.5 billion internet goers who search the spreading web for many purposes. There are millions of industries which offer lucrative affiliate partnerships. YOU SHOULD NEVER GIVE UP! The key lies in the keyword research. It's so bad that many newbies spend least of their time in keyword research. Note that Keyword Research and Analysis are the core of Internet Marketing.

The pro's keep telling you that Internet Marketing clears your loan debt,buys a car, house and all the gizmos. Yes, I agree these are all possible but not in a day span. It can literally take months or even years. But once you get the rope you will be riding along! That's true...

About author : David walls is a professional Internet Marketer who trains newbies in Affiliate/Internet Marketing and Businesses Online. For many training ebooks and Free Tips visit his page : Top Internet Marketing Ebooks

Home Business,Home Business,Home Business

Home Business,Home Business,Home Business
by Chris James

For the last couple of months, Google Adsense has dominated forums, discussions and newsletters all over the Internet. Already, there are tales of fabulous riches to be made and millions made by those who are just working from home. It seems that Google Adsense have already dominated the internet marketing business and is now considered the easiest way to making money online.

The key to success with Adsense is the placing of ads on pages that are receiving high traffic for high demand keywords. The higher the cost-per-click to the advertiser, the more you will receive per click from your site. Obviously, it does not pay to target low cost-per-click keywords and place them on pages that do not receive hits.

With all the people getting online and clicking away everyday, it is no wonder why Google Adsense has become an instant hit.

For some who are just new to this market, it would be a blow to their pride knowing that their homepage is buried somewhere in the little ads promoting other people’s services. But then, when they get the idea that they are actually earning more money that way, all doubts and skepticism is laid to rest.

There are two major, and clever, factors that some successful webmaster and publishers are learning to blend together in order to make money easier using Adsense.

1. Targeting high traffic pages on your website. If you check on your logs, you will discover that many of your visitors are taking advantage of the free affiliate marketing resources and ebooks that you are offering on your site. In simple words, your ads are working effectively and are generating more clicks. It also means more money for you.

2. Placing Adsense links on pages that are producing little, or better yet, no profit. By placing Adsense on a free resources page, you will reduce the amount of potential customers being lost to other sites. Tricky, but effective nonetheless.

When learned to work effectively, these two factors are actually a good source of producing a minimal amount of revenue from a high traffic page. Many people are using this strategy to pick up some extra and cash with Adsense. This is also especially rewarding to informational sites that focus their efforts on delivering powerful affiliate link free content to their visitors. Now they can gain a monetary return on their services.

With the many techniques that people are now learning on how to make the easiest money by their Adsense, it is not surprising that Google is trying everything to update and polish their Adsense in order to maintain their good image.

The possibility of adding is 2nd tier in Adsense is not impossible. With all the people spending more time in their Adsense now and still more getting into this line of marketing, there is no doubt about the many new improvements yet to be made. Imagine the smiles on the faces of the webmasters and publishers all around the world if ever they sign up for sub-affiliates and double or even triple the amount that they are already earning.

FREE REPORT: Adsense Advantage - Unbelievable case study shows how one person is earning over $300 per Day with just Adsense! http://www.e-information4you.com/c/webmaster/hypervre/hypervre.html

About the Author

Article by Chris James, author of http://www.e-information4you.com Free eBooks, How to Make Money Online, Internet Marketing, Make Money on eBay

How to integrate Google adsense into your website

How to integrate Google adsense into your website
by: Andi Tao

Once you have realised that Google adsense is one of the best ways to monetize your website there are a few steps that you can take to ensure you get the best results from your website on a daily basis. First off sign up to the Google adsense campaign and wait for your site to get reviewed. If they didn’t accept it then read the comments and then improve your site in order to get accepted. If Google accepted it first time then you’re well on your way to making money online. It’s really simple to be able to add the coding into your website unlike most other scripts, they ask you a series of questions and then give you the coding to integrate into your website.

Be sure to find out the best ad placement in order to get the maximum potential, there is a hot spot image located in the adsense website which will show you where people are likely to look and click when being confronted with a website. This isn’t saying that everyone will click your advertisements but it’s a good general rule if you can manipulate your website around that image.

Once you have logged into your account click on the adsense setup tab located at the top of the page (It’s the middle tab). Depending on the type of adsense you want to integrate influences the next decision, click on the relevant text to get more information and the next stage of setup. The one you probably want on your website first is ‘adsense for content’.

You then have two options, ad unit and link unit. These are totally different in their appearance, the ad unit is the more common which is added into big areas of content whereas link units are a single line which is great to add underneath navigation bars etc. Once you have decided which to go for click continue and select the relevant style you wish, be sure to check the formats available so you can get the one that looks best in your website. Then select the colours (try to merge them into your website theme for best results) and then select continue again. You have the chance to record your stats so if you have multiple websites you can track where the revenue comes from.

Once you have set them up you will be given html code which you have to put into your website, simply stick it in and upload to the server and then check your website! Andy Tao
More info about hostexcellence web hosting from hostexcellence and host excellence review from http://www.hostexcellencereview.org/hostexcellence/hostexcellence-reviews website.

Friday, October 5, 2007

Health Article

Health

1. Acidity verses Alkalinity
While I originally started to avoid this subject like the plague, I felt the need to at a minimum address it because there are so many widely differing view points on what this actually means, what t...
Author: Glenn Antoine
Date Posted: July 23, 2007

2. Less Stress Leads To A Better Rest
In the modern world of today we are constantly being bombarded with high levels of stress and anxiety. These stresses can be physical, mental or environmental. They place an enormous strain on our p...
Author: Vincent Platania
Date Posted: July 23, 2007

3. Fitness and Exercise Guide And Advice
According to few insulin levels play the largest role in losing weight. Other experts determine that our body type is the key to finding the proper exercises and diet plans that work with the body. T...
Author: Peter Curtis
Date Posted: July 23, 2007

4. Powerful Anti-Aging Role Models: More are Needed
Recently on "America's Got Talent" a 75 year old woman performed a song and dance routine. (This reference is not to the Rappin Granny who was outstanding.) Before she began I mentally cheered her ...
Author: Barbara Morris, R.Ph.
Date Posted: July 23, 2007

5. Natural Weight Loss for Good Health and Well Being
Weight loss is becoming an unhealthy obsession dealing with body images, but in some cases can improve health and fitness. When weight loss is a result of eating healthy, exercising and/or taking nat...
Author: Jennifer Kays
Date Posted: July 23, 2007

The Secret To Making Money Online

The Secret To Making Money Online
by: Jeff Whenman


As with anything in life, those in the know will always get ahead. So when attempting to get ahead it is always about a search for knowledge. If you want to be a great driver and you have not driven before, you can learn by your mistakes or get tuition. Obviously getting driving tuition is recognized as the way to learn to drive quickly and hopefully without any accidents.

If the principle of learning from an expert proven in there field, is accepted in driving and many other daily activities such as swimming or learning a trade. Then why is it when it comes to making money online that people try to go it alone and learn by their mistakes. Often people will spend many hours and much more money than they can really afford trying to make money online, and this is the paradox brought on by the fact that people understand that you have to speculate to accumulate.

So I here you say what is the answer, well my friend the same as always. Find an expert in there field and learn from them. I know there are thousands of Guru’s out there offering to teach you to make money online, and I know it can be confusing. However if you look in the forums and read some of the relevant blogs you will find some of the same names will crop up again and again. Once you have found a legitimate pro you can follow them as many will help you get on in joint venture type programs.

The best of these programs will teach you about which products are worth promoting online and which are not, and they will also teach you many ways to promote these products and which ways have become obsolete. Whatever you decide to promote to make money online and however you do it, starting on the right footing should save you time and money.

About The Author
Jeff Whenman is a business professional working online. To learn more about making money online Jeff Whenman recommends you visit http://www.onlineprofits.ws

How To Find Hot Niche Markets

How To Find Hot Niche Markets
by: Dan Farrell


Working out what your niche market will be to start your home business is something that can elicit much excitement. This is when you can put all those great ideas you have had for your business into a plan of action. Give yourself a number of options to work over. Some will be great and some won't fit. Get more than one so you always have a back up when you start a home business.

Look to 3 sources for ideas:

* A hobby you love: You won't find many hobbies from which you can't build a business. And since you enjoy doing it, it won't be tedious to "go to work" every day. When you pick something for your business that you sincerely like, you will have fun at doing it.

* Your experiences: In life we go though many experiences and you can use these to build a business. For example if you have raised children you can then put all your parenting experience together and start a business related to parenting.

* Your talents: Everyone has one or more talents within them. Dig down and see what yours are. You can start a freelance business using your talents.

Defining your niche market:

1. List out some ideas then put them in the order of what you like the best.

2. Go to the site listed here and put a key word into the overture suggestion tool box: This will bring up the amount of searches that have been done for your keyword and will represent demand.

3. If you search out that same key word on Google search engine http://google.com then you will see websites supplying that item and you will know how many competitors are out there that will be competing with you when you start a home business.

4. If you find a topic that is demanded in quantity but low in the suppliers, you will then make money. This should be your special market for which you do your niche marketing. You will make more money with a niche market as you will reduce and sometimes even eliminate competition. Go through your list of ideas until you narrow it down to about

5. Then go through them again and see which one will fit into a niche market.

Establishing your USP:

Once you have found the concept that fits into a specialized or niche market it is time to establish your USP, Unique, Selling, Point. This is when you will take your idea, and see how you will make your business uniquely different from your competitors. Often neglected, finding the USP is something that new business owners need to do to set their item above the competition. Online businesses are very competitive and you have to stay ahead of the game.

There are two reasons you need to set yourself up as different from others:

1. Get ahead of your competitors

2. To clearly define to your potential customers why your product and service is better than your competitors.

Deciding on your business model:

Part of your business concept will not only be consolidating your ideas but also choosing your business model. There are a few that you can choose from:

* Affiliate marketing-Getting involved with affiliate programs will target your efforts

* Network marketing (MLM)- again this will target your market and idea.

* Marketing-taking the product and selling it

* Service- you should use your talents, which includes freelancing.

You can see there are a number of things you will have to do to get your business concept into operation. But it's worth it to plan and take care in developing it. It will be your foundation, after all.


About The Author
Dan Farrell has a newsletter, Build An eBusiness On A Shoestring. To sign up with free bonuses, go to: Niche Market Ideas (http://build-an-ebusiness-on-a-shoestring.com)

Are You Famous or Focused?

Are You Famous or Focused?
by: John Di Lemme


Are you famous or are you focused? Let's start with "famous". When people look at you, what do they say that you are famous for? Are you famous for procrastination…negative words…poor time management…What are you famous for?

Let me share with you what I am famous for. I am famous for consistent, structured, focused daily strategies and techniques to live a victorious life. I know…that is a pretty strong statement! You see, I would rather be "focused" than famous. I am focused on success.

I am focused on assisting you in achieving you dream and discover the greatness that is inside all of you! Forget about being famous, let's be focused. Be focused on your dreams…be focused on providing for your family…be focused on building a huge team…be focused on Finding Your Why! Let's commit today to become focused and start changing people's lives.

Millions of people world wide watch shows like "Who wants to be a Millionaire" or "Lifestyles of the Rich and Famous". The interesting thing is that everyone sitting on the couch with a bag of popcorn watching these shows are broke. Why? Because they are famous for sitting back and watching shows on other people being famous. How about we flick the switch in life from famous to focused.

Stop dreaming of other people being famous and start being focused on your own destiny! You must laser-focus in on your success and demolish procrastination and create action. Demolish resolutions and create results! Let's demolish fear and create faith!

How is this all possible by simply being focused. How do people become gold medalist, super bowl champions, etc? They take charge of their lives, hire a coach and become focused. What are you? Who are you? Where are you going? How are you going to get there? More importantly, why are you not focused?

Those that know their "Why" are very focused. I am focused on my Why of changing lives of Champions worldwide through my coaching, mentoring, seminars and success library and creating massive success in those Champions lives! Do not allow famous to get in your way of being focused. Make a commitment today to forget fame and become laser-focused!

Let's get focused and know your Why! Let's go out and impact the world one heart at a time. Focus creates success and Fame creates problems. It's your decision…become focused and live your dream!!!



About The Author
John Di Lemme shocks millions globally by exposing the truth about how to achieve monumental life success despite the labels that society has placed on you. Through his award winning live seminars, power-packed training programs, live tele-classes, weekly ezine and website (http://www.FindYourWhy.com), John Di Lemme has made success a reality for thousands worldwide.

The Secret to Becoming Rich

The Secret to Becoming Rich
by: Elise Fisher


Napoleon Hill, the author of Think and Grow Rich, believes that a person does not have to be a genius to become rich. Any person can become wealthy if he thinks positively and has a deep desire to achieve his goal.

Positive Thinking: You must see your financial dreams and know that you will be able to attain them. You must already own them.

If you begin making up every rationalization under the sun why you can't succeed, pinch yourself. You have to discipline your body and mind to think positive thoughts. Teach yourself that those kind of thought patterns are unacceptable. You can obtain greatness, even if you are not the smartest, most talented, or best looking person in the world. Success is your if you'll just allow it to come into your life. Don't underestimate the power of your thoughts.

Burning Desire: Hill tells a true tale of a man named Edwin Barnes who desired to become Thomas Edison's partner. Most of us would have scoffed at him had we lived back then. Edwin Barnes was a nobody. Nevertheless, he had a deep desire, a life dream, and he was determined. He went to Thomas Edison and convinced him to hire him. He did not instantly achieve his dream, but he worked hard and ultimately became Thomas Edison's partner. This was a feat everyone thought was impossible.

Edwin Barnes followed these 7 steps to gain this great success:

1. Choose a definite dream.

2. Put all your energy into that dream.

3. Be willing to do menial work at first.

4. Visualize your dream.

5. Form a strategy.

6. Endure through the hard times.

7. Eliminate any way to retreat.

As you focus on obtaining your goals, answer these questions: What is the exact amount of money I want? What am I willing to sacrifice for it? What exact date do I want this money by? What is my strategy?

Don't forget, to successful people, there is no such thing as "defeat." What looks like defeat is no more than a great opportunity. Start creating opportunities out of failures and being successful today!

NOTE: Use of this article requires links to be intact.


About The Author

To learn more about obtaining wealth visit our Rich Dad Poor Dad page. A college student herself, Elise Fisher enjoys writing articles to help college students learn more http://About-Student-Loans.com and other finance options.


by: Elise Fisher


About The Author

To learn more about obtaining wealth visit our Rich Dad Poor Dad page. A college student herself, Elise Fisher enjoys writing articles to help college students learn more http://About-Student-Loans.com and other finance options.

Information: A Top Seller

Information: A Top Seller
by: Cheryl Mustian

The internet was originally designed for information. It is still the place people turn to first when they need to know something. Despite the years and the amount of knowledge on the internet, there is room for more. Information is a hot commodity.

Selling information has a lot of advantages over selling other products. One of the more obvious advantages to selling information is that the same piece can be sold over and over again. It is even better than selling a book because you don't have to print anything. Your costs to write a piece of information is the same, whether you are selling it to one person or to millions.

E-books are a popular way to sell information online. You can send your manuscript to several publishers, risking rejection letters with every one, or you can sell an ebook and never receive a rejection. There is very little cost involved, certainly a lot less than selling a product. Your biggest investment is your time.

Information sells in other formats, too. Many sites offer both free newsletters and subscription newsletters. The free newsletters are designed to hook the reader until he wants more and subscribes to the paid newletter. Often job sites will do this. Those who subscribe receive more job listings.

Information is the biggest seller on the internet. There are many ways to take advantage of this. Do some research to find the method that works best for you, and you may find you have and enjoyable way to make money.

Copyright © Cheryl Mustian
http://www.CherylWorksAtHome.net

To find the best home based business ideas and opportunities so you can work at home visit: http://www.CherylWorksAtHome.net

NOTE: You have full permission to reprint this article within your website or newsletter as long as you leave the article fully intact and include the "About The Author" resource box. Thanks!

About The Author

My name is Cheryl Mustian and I've found a new area of interest! I have become involved in the arena of making money in the internet. I have learned there are multitudes of ways to venture forth in this arena. As always, there are mountains, valleys, and even places in this arena. I would like to share my experiences and knowledge with you. Visit my arena at http://www.cherylworksathome.net.

Starting and Running a Home Based Business

Starting and Running a Home Based Business
by: Darrell Knox

The allure of a home based business is very strong these days with uncertain economic times and the pressures of working long hours for less pay. More and more people are exploring the home based business world to see if it is right for them.

More women are seeking home based businesses as the corporate life and pay just don't seem to justify the time away from home and children anymore. Men tired of working for others and also loosing their entire lives with their families to a job that requires more than 40 hours a week just to survive, are learning more and more about the internet and working at home.

There are many ways today to start a home based business. The internet offers the easiest, least expensive way to start a home based business ever. Never before have people been able to start up an entire, legitimate business just by signing up for a hosting account and selling information or other products from their web site.

Even the least internet savvy person can start an online home based business even if all they know how to do is retrieve and send email. In fact, one you know how easy it is, you will be amazed that you hadn't started sooner.

Any home based business is hard work. But ask yourself this question: Will your current job pay you more for working harder? In most cases the answer will be no. Your current employer will not only happily pay you the same amount whether you work hard or not, they will profit from the work you do because they own the business you work for.

The key to true wealth is to own the business, not work for it. A home based business owner is the top dog in their small company. That means any windfalls a new product or service you create or resell belong to you! That also means all the overhead and other expenses belong to you too. With the power of a home based business comes the responsibility too.

This is why you should thoroughly research a home based business opportunity to make sure you have all the bases covered and you are approaching working for yourself in a responsible manner.

Below are a couple of home based businesses that are very profitable and hot right now:

Virtual Assistant: A person that hires their time out to busy executives to complete various tasks like appointment setting and other things busy power brokers don't have time to do. Executives like doing this because they can hire a virtual assistant for short-term projects and not have to pay for insurance or any overhead since the VA is a private contractor.

Information Sales: This is what I do and I love it. I am an affiliate for several top-selling products that people want and buy everyday. My job is to promote my website and recommend products to my visitors. With a little training and guidance from people I have met online, this kind of home base business is a snap and can be very profitable.

About The Author

Darrell Knox is a writer and entrepreneur with 15 years of home business and marketing experience.Free Home Business Tips Newsletter at: http://www.cashgroup.biz/biztipspop.html Website: http://cgi.tripod.com/lazaraus26/cgi-bin/index.pl

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How To Reach And Stay At The Top Of The First Page Of The Search Engines

How To Reach And Stay At The Top Of The First Page Of The Search Engines
by: Olga Fogleman


Everybody is familiar with search engines such as Google & Yahoo. Search Engines have radically changed the Internet. Radically! Over 50% of all consumer purchases of all business purchases are now pursued by searches. That’s what was said months ago and it is obviously going higher. So the majority of people Worldwide who now are on computers, the first place they go to is a Search Engine to find information, for what they are looking for.

The Search Engine technology is now based and what Search Engine is trying to do as they are trying to put out in front of their searchers, the most current relative information possible. Google knows that what it can give you is exactly what you want to see and it’s relative to the current & it’s timely. And you are going to come back to Google over, over and over again.

Why all those Bloggers out there for years have been making a lot of money and how they are promoting for free, and how they getting free publicity and generating MASS traffic to their sites? Because Bloggers took advantage of what Google had determined was the secret to the Internet right now. A WEB SITE THAT CHANGES A LOT GETS MORE RATING WITH A SEARCH ENGINE. So if your website is changing a lot and adjusting a lot and is current, Google will push you up on the rating. That means you are getting closer, closer and closer to the first page. And this is extremely important, particularly if you know how to what is called “games the system.

What those Bloggers do – they “game the system”. And here is how they game the system: They went out and found the websites that have the absolute most change going on in a web site every single day, every single hour, every single minute, and every single second. They are powerful websites that have constant change, constant upgrading going on every minute of every day. Theses website are called “Article Hubs”. These web sites grow out of the whole change in how Search Engines work because people realized that the more websites change, the more powerful website are in searches, they realized there better be constant change. This is particularly true in Media sites & this is particularly true with Bloggers, because they began to figure out that if they have more constant change on their sites every day their Bloggs will lift on the searches. And I am going to show you one of those hugs sites. It is an extremely powerful site, 5000-7000 writers, authors, reporters & Bloggers place their articles in this site every day.

Do you understand that that site is not just visited by tens of thousands of writers and author’s who have submitted articles everyday? Do you realize this site is visited by over a million unique visitors every single day? So these sites, these Article Hubs are incredibly potent. And when you put one article in one of these sites, guess what you start to do? You start to dominate keywords. And if you can get on the first page of any major keyword you have hit a Gold Mine! One article! One keyword! Traffic, traffic, traffic! There is one example “Religion and online marketing”, this article was written two years ago and guess where they are.

Do you know when you put a keyword in worldwide there are over 35 millions places on the web that have this constant in here with Religion and Online Marketing? And this article is still having a first result, first page. That was written TWO YEARS AGO! He has been getting traffic every single day for almost 800 days for this article. One Article! One keyword! Traffic, Traffic, Traffic! And if you go page after page, after page you are going to see that article over and over and over … That Company continues to get traffic to this very day. That’s the power of Article Hubs.

If you are looking for a home business opportunity please check this site! With this new marketing system, even beginners are successful.
http://olga.YOURCHANCE2SUCCESS.COM


About The Author

Olga Fogleman
I came to America from Russia 7 years ago.
I have a great family: my lovely husband who is helping me on my projects and my son, who is a student at the University of Florida now.
I am an accountant with a Bachelor Degree and many years of experience.
I am also a successful eBay seller and Internet marketer so I quit my 9-5 job and I am enjoying my life now.

Forest plant characteristic 1

Characteristic target species Print E-mail
Written by mr Zulfahmi
Sunday, 26 August 2007

Characteristic target species

Altingia excelsa

Botanical name : Altinga excelsa NoroƱa

Local name : Indonesia : rasamala, mala, tulasan, mandung. Burma: nantayok. Laos: sop. Thailand: sop, hom, satu. Vietnam: t[oo]h[aj]p 1[as] h[if]nh tim.

Distribution

This species is distributed from the Himalayas through the moister part of Burma toward Peninsular Malay¬sia (where it is extremely rare), Sumatra and Java. In Java it is found only in the western part between 500 and 1500 m above sea level in humid mixed hill and montane forests. In Sumatra, it is distributed in Bukit Barisan. It occurs naturally mainly on humid sites with more than 100 mm rainfall per month, on rich volcanic soils. It is planted for refor¬estation mainly in West and Central Java. Close plant¬ing space is recommended, as the young rasamala trees tend to form multiple stems when openly exposed

Characteristic target species

Altingia excelsa

Botanical name : Altinga excelsa NoroƱa

Local name : Indonesia : rasamala, mala, tulasan, mandung. Burma: nantayok. Laos: sop. Thailand: sop, hom, satu. Vietnam: t[oo]h[aj]p 1[as] h[if]nh tim.

Distribution

This species is distributed from the Himalayas through the moister part of Burma toward Peninsular Malay¬sia (where it is extremely rare), Sumatra and Java. In Java it is found only in the western part between 500 and 1500 m above sea level in humid mixed hill and montane forests. In Sumatra, it is distributed in Bukit Barisan. It occurs naturally mainly on humid sites with more than 100 mm rainfall per month, on rich volcanic soils. It is planted for refor¬estation mainly in West and Central Java. Close plant¬ing space is recommended, as the young rasamala trees tend to form multiple stems when openly exposed.

Physiological characteristics

A monoecious, evergreen, large and lofty tree up to 40 – 60 m tall; bole branchless for 20-35 m, 80-150(-185) cm in diameter, often slightly twisted or fluted at base; bark surface almost smooth, with narrow, longitudinal fissures and finally irregular flaky with long, thin, light grey to yellowish or brownish-grey flakes; crown irregular globular, seedling with epigeal germination; cotyledons foliaceous, on a hairy petiole; leaves arranged spirally. Leaves alternate, ovate, 6 - 12 cm long, 2.5 - 5.5 cm wide, with finely toothed margins. Flowers are unisexual with male and female flowers in separate inflorescences, but on the same tree. Female flowers are borne 4 - 18 together, in rounded heads that are 1.2-2.5 cm in diameter. Petals and sepals are absent in both female and male flowers.

Propagation methods

Originally, seedlings from natural regeneration in the forest were used (natural regeneration is usually plentiful, even in plantations). But later the seeds were sown on seed-beds. The best way to obtain viable seeds is to pick nearly ripe fruits and dry them in the sun. the weight of 1000 seeds is about 6 g. Seeds are viable for a short period and should be sown rapidly. The seeds should be soaked in cold water for 24 hours before sowing. The sowing medium is a mix of sand and soil (1:1). Germination starts about 10 days after sowing. One month old seedlings can be transplanted to plastic bags, preferably in a growing medium en¬riched with organic matter and fertilizer. Germination is epigean (cotyledons emerge above ground).

Silvicultural methods

In industrial plantation, rasamala is generally planted in initial spacing of 3 x 1 m. Leucaena leucocephala (lamk) de wit is often inter-planted young plantation to suppressed weeds. Young rasamala trees tend to form double leaders when much light is available, and therefore close planting in pure stands is preferable. Thinning is needed about every 5 years. The rotation is at least 60 years, but preferably 80 years.

Usage

The wood is very durable and can be used in direct contact with the soil. Because of its long, branchless boles, it is favored for frames of bridges, columns and beams for construction, power transmission poles, telephone poles and railway sleepers. Furthermore, the timber is used for heavy construction, vehicle bod¬ies, ship and boat building, heavy flooring, rafters, veneer, plywood and pulp. The young reddish-brown tips of the branches are eaten raw or cooked as a veg¬etable. In Java, in traditional medicine, the leaves are used to cure coughs. The tree produces an aromatic resin, which is used as incense.

Alstonia spectabilis

Botanical name : Alstonia spectabilis

Local name : Legaran

Distribution

A. spectabilis occurs from India and Sri Lanka through mainland South-East Asia and southern China (Yunnan), throughout Malesia, to northern Australia, the Bismarck Archipelago and the Solomon Islands. In Australia, the species is widespread in coastal areas in northern Queensland including Cape York Peninsula, and extends southwards to central Queensland. Disjunction populations occur away from the coast in the Northern Territory.

Physiological characteristics

Medium to large tree to about 40 m high and 125 cm dbh, with corky grey, grey-white bark, somewhat tessellated. The boles of larger trees are strongly fluted to 10 m, tapering and somewhat twist. The outer blaze is cream to yellowish in color with abundant, milky exudates (latex) that flows rapidly when cut. The crown is narrow domed, deep and dense, or eventually diffuse with large spreading limbs, small in relation to size of the bole.

Propagation methods

Propagation is mainly by seed which dehisces naturally from the mature follicles on drying. There are 37 to 87 seeds per gram and an average germination rate of 50%. Storage life of seed is unknown but may be as brief as two months. About 90% of germinants will provide healthy, vigorous seedlings suitable for planting out the field. A. spectabilis has been grafted successfully: cleft grafting and inverted T-grafting were found to be the most appropriate. There are no special requirements for the sowing of seed of this species. It does best in full sunlight. With a shallow covering of sowing mix and light and regular watering, germination starts within about 12 days and continues for 3 months. Plantable seedlings of about 30 cm tall are produced in 9 to 12 months. Stumps of 6 mm diameter at the collar may also be produced.

Silvicultural methods

In most countries of South-East Asia, A. spectabilis is harvested selectively from natural forest with a diameter limit of 40 cm, 50 cm or 60 cm. Natural regeneration is often scarce so enrichment planting may be employed, using the strip system. However, sufficient opening of the canopy is essential for optimum growth of seedlings. Commercial plantations are best planted at a square spacing of 1.8 m at the start of the wet season and may require regular thinning. Young trees coppice well. Plantation areas should be cleared and burnt. Clean weeding is essential after the first month and twice more during the first year. After one year of growth when trees reached 1.5 m tall the removal of climbers by cutting should be carried out.

Usage

The wood is used for fuelwood; sawn or hewn building timbers; for light construction; carpentry/joinery; containers; crates; boxes; vats; woodware; industrial and domestic woodware; toys; turnery; matches; furniture; veneers; wood based materials; plywood; blockboard; particleboard; pulp.

Australian Aboriginal people used the bark for treatment of abdominal pains, dysentery and fevers and the latex for neuralgia and toothache. In India the bark is used to treat bowel complaints and has proved a valuable remedy for chronic diarrhoea and the advanced stages of dysentery. The active constituents are alkaloids found in the bark and latex. The hill tribes of northern Thailand boil the bark in water, which is then drunk to combat the effects of malaria; the bark and leaves are used for a variety of ailments.

Acacia mangium Willd

Botanical name : Acacia mangium willd.

Local name : Indonesia: tongke hutan, mange hutan. Malaysia: mangium. Thailand; krathin-thepha.

Distribution

Acacia mangium is native to Queensland Australia, Indonesia (Aru island, Papua and Maluku) and Papua New Guinea, but now has a longitudinal range from 88o to 146oE. Acacia mangium is a low-elevation species associated with rain-forest margins and disturbed, well-drained acid soils (4.5 – 6.6). Altitudinal range is from sea level to about 100 m, with an upper limit of 780 m. It is typically found in the humid, tropical lowland climatic zone characterized by a short dry season and a mean annual rainfall between 1446 and 2970 mm, with mean monthly temperatures range from a low of 13 – 21oC and a high of 25 – 32oC. Mangium tolerates a soil pH as low as 3.8, and has performed well on lateritic soils with high amounts of iron and aluminum oxides. It is intolerant of saline conditions, shade and low temperatures.

Physiological characteristics

Shrubs or small to fairly large trees up to 35-39 m tall, bole branchless for up to 21 cm, up to 100 cm in diameter, not buttressed; bark surface (of timber trees) dark grey or brown, deeply longitudinally fissured, inner bark pale brown or red to pink. Leaves are arranged spirally, bipinate and consisting of many opposite. Seeds in 1 row, usually elliptical to oblong, more or less flattened. Seedling shows with epigeal germination; cotyledons borne above the soil level.

Propagation methods

Acacia can be propagated from seed and by air layering, cutting, grafting, and tissue culture. For the production of seedlings, the pods should be processed as soon as possible after harvesting. Pods and seeds should not be left to dry in the sun too long, as temperatures exceeding 43oC reduce viability. The number seeds/Kg is 63.000-189.0000 for A. mangium. Seed can retain its viability for many years if stored cool (0-5oC)

Silvicultural methods

Acacia species are pioneers and demand full light for good development; in shade A. mangium grows stunted at spindly. Acacia trees are renowned for their robustness and adaptability, which makes them good plantation species. A. mangium regenerates abundantly in clear-felled areas or where light fire has occurred. Spacing of the seedlings in the plantation depends on the intended uses and aoil fertility. Since natural pruning is poor, trees should be planted at clse spacing. Plantations cultivated for pulpwood usually have 4 x 4 m spacing and for timber have 3 x 3 m spacing. The first weeding should be two months after out-planting. Pruning schedules depend on intended use. In agroforestry systems, branches are pruned regularly to prevent competition with agricultural crops. On degraded Imperata grasslands, it was observed to have a mean annual volume increment 10 m3/ha/year. In a 15-year rotation, pre-commercial thinning should occur at 24 months, followed by a thinning 36 months.

Usage

A. mangium is important source of wattle timber; the wood is used for e.g. construction, boat building, and furniture and cabinet-making, veneer, but it also makes excellent particle board and wood chips. The tree is also used for firewood and is occasionally planted as an ornamental, for erosion control, or as firebreak or windbreak. The leaves may serve as forage for cattle.

Maesopsis eminii Engler

Botanical name : Maesopsis eminii Engler

Local name : kayu afrika

Distribution

M. eminii occurs naturally between 6oS and 8oN in tropical Africa along the Gulf of Guinea from Liberia to Angola and through Zaire, southern Sudan and Uganda to Kenya and Tanzania.

Physiological characteristics

It is an early succession species, adept at colonizing disturbed areas in forests. Within the area of natural distribution it is found in the lowlands and extending into submontane forest up to 100 m altitude. It is normally planted in lowland and gross best at altitudes from 600 – 900 m. The tree prefers mean annual rainfall of 1200 – 3600 mm and tolerates a dry season of up to 4 months. Prefers deep, well-drained soils but can grow on light soils if there is sufficient water.

Unarmed, evergreen to deciduous tree, 15-25 (-25) m tall with an open, spreading crown. Bole exceptionally straight, cylindrical, up to 15 m tall and 50(-180) cm in diameter; buttresses small or absent; bark pale grey to grey brown or almost white, smooth or with deep, vertical, often twisted furrows; slash red outside, yellow near the wood. Branch-lets with patent short hairs.

Propagation methods

M. eminii is mortly propagated by seed obtained from fresh ripe fruit, after the pericarp has been mechanically removed and the seed has been dried for several days. To improve germination, seed may be soaked in water for 1-2 days. Fresh seed has yielded over 90% germination, but viability decreases rapidly after 3 months. Potted striplings and stumps have given good results.

Silvicultural methods

Thinning is required after the 5th year to allow a proper crown/stem ration to develop. Established plantations may be coppiced. M. eminii is self pruning. M. eminii competes well with weeds cannot suppress Imperata grass. M. eminii may be final harvested at 20 – 30-year old.

Usage

In Africa M. eminii is commonly retained in home gardens for shade, fuel and timber, while leaves are used for fodder. In Africa and India it is often planted as a shade tree in coffee, tea and cardamom plantations, in Zaire also to shade cocoa trees. Because of its fast growth, it is widely planted for fuel wood, although its light wood is non an ideal fuel. It is good general purpose timber for indoor construction, for joinery, boxes, furniture and millwork, core stock for plywood and particle board.

Peronema canescens Jack

Botanical name : Peronema canescensi Jack

Local name : Indonesia: sungkai, jati sabrang, jati londo, kurus. Malaysia: sukai, cherek. Thailand: sangkae, khoeilai, sakae.

Distribution

Peronema is Monotypic genus and is native in Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, West Java and Kalimantan

Physiological characteristics

An evergreen or deciduous shrub or small to medium-sized tree up to 20(-30) m tall; bole straight or slightly, flexuous, branchless for up to 9(-15) m, up to 70 cm in diameter, usually with a small buttresses; root system superficial, with a short taproot; bark surface dirty grey or light buff, smooth to fissured and fibrous or scaly; crown ovoid; twigs 4-angled, densely short-hairy. Seedling with epigeal germination, cotyledons equal, petiolate, ovate with an emarginated apex, first leaves pinnately lobed, subsequent ones imparipinnate.

Propagation methods

Seed germinate soon under full light, but collected seeds do not germinate well. The common method of propagation is by stem cuttings taken from straight trees. Trees from stem cuttings will finally develop a superficial root system similar to that of trees grown from seed.

Silvicultural methods

Sungkai is unsuitable for planting in mixtures with other species, but it may be used as first cover for the planting of dipterocarp species. Self-pruning does not occur sufficiently. Artificial pruning is necessary; wounds caused by artificial pruning heal fast and seldom cause rot.

Usage

The lightweight, non-durable timber is used for pillars in house, interior finishes, and especially for roof trusses on account of its lightness and strength. It has been used to make carts, and bridges for light traffic. The tree is often planted in hedges. In traditional medicine the bitter juice of the leaves and a decoction of the bark are used against fever. Boiled leaves are used in a poultice against ringworm, and in a mouth-wash against toothache.

Swietenia macrophylla King

Botanical name : Swietenia macrophylla King

Local name : Mahoni daun lebar

Distribution

Widely distributed in various regions, native to Mexico, Central and northern South America (Amazon region). Extensively planted mainly in Southern Asia and the Pacific, also be introduced to West Africa.

Physiological characteristics

A medium-sized to large tree up to 40(-60) m tall, bole branchless for up to 150(-200) cm, buttresses board and plank-like, up to 5 m high; leaves on young trees sometimes larger.

Propagation methods

Generative propagation is mainly practiced for S. macrophylla, due to ability to produce large amount of seeds in a season. Ripe fruits must be collected to achieve a good germination rate. These open after 2 days of storage and the seeds are very viable. The germination rate of fresh seeds is 60-90%. They can be stored up to 2 months, or longer (up to one year) if kept cool (2-50C) in sealed containers at about 45% relative humidity. The weight of 100 seeds of S. macrophylla is 400-500 g.

Silvicultural methods

In industrial and monoculture plantation, S. macrophylla is generally planted in initial spacing of 3 x 1 m. In Perhutani land, the tree in some cases is planted surrounding the edge of compartments. Although natural regeneration in S. macrophylla stands may be plentiful, it is usual to plant seedlings raised in nurseries. Monoculture plantations of mahogany are susceptible to pests, and for that reason mixed plantations with other fast-growing species are often preferred. Thinning usually starts at 6 years after planting, and may be final harvested at 15 – 20-year old.

Usage

S. macrophylla is one of the most valuable furniture timbers in the world due to the decorative and attractive timber with good technical characteristics. In agroforestry systems it is used for shade and fuelwood.

Shorea leprosula Miq.

Botanical name : Shorea leprosula Miq.

Local name : Meranti Merah, Meranti Tembaga (Indonesia), Pelepak Kontoi (Kalimantan), Merkuyang (Sumatera).

Distribution

Borneo, Sumatera, Bangka, Balitung, Peninsular Malaysia, Thailand.

Physiological characteristics

Evergreen big tree up to 50 m tall, large crown, oblong or hemispherical, open.

Propagation methods

Plantation can be done with seed and natural regeneration (wildling)/ bare root planting and by vegetative propagation (shoot cutting)

Silvicultural methods

Strip cutting-artificial/natural regeneration, lowland Dipterocarp forest below 700 m a.s.l., lower hill slopes and valleys, a strong light demander.

Usage

Construction material, floor board, and container.

Tectona grandis L.f.

Botanical name : Tectona grandis L.f.

Local name: Teak, Teackbaum (Germany), Jatos (Java), Kyan (Myanmar), Sagwan (India), Maisak (Thailand), Teca (Brazillia).

Distribution

India, Myanmar, Muangthai, Vietnam, Sabah, Philiphina, Brunei, Trinidad, Puertorico, Ceylon, Cina.

Physiological characteristics

Big tree, 25-50 m at height of 100 years-old tree; big and straight stem when it is grown at fertile land. Trees grown at infertile land has more significant response on fire/burning, pasturing, and/or pest diseases.

Propagation methods

Plantation can be done generatively (seeds) and vegetatively (shoot cutting and grafting).

Silvicultural methods

Clear cutting-artificial regeneration. Naturally found at various geological formation such as tertiary limestone and sandy limestone. Grow better in good soil condition with good aeration and drainage. In Indonesia, teak found on lowland to hilly area from 0-700 m a.s.l. In India, Teak found on area at 1300 m a.s.l, and 1000 m a.s.l. in Myanmar. Teak grew in large size at humid tropical climate with annual rainfall 1200-2500 mm. Teak is intolerant as it require more light for better growth.

Usage

Bolster, meubel, pillar, log, house building, bridge, roof frame, door cushion, window and tool wood.

Ecalyptus pellita F. Muell

Botanical name : Eucalyptus pellita F. Muell

Local name : Suburu, Bur Tek Mera

Distribution

Australia (Cape York Peninsula, Queensland, Bateman’s Bay, New South Wales), Northwest Papua New Guinea, South-East Irian Jaya.

Physiological characteristics

Tree height is 35 m at good condition. In Australia, even suppressed trees can reach 47 m at height. But at bad condition, the habitat will turn into coppice with totally height only 20-30 feet.

Propagation methods

Plantation can be done with seed, natural regeneration (wildling)/bare root planting and by vegetative propagation (shoot cutting).

Silvicultural methods

Regenerated artificially by clear cutting. This species grow at wide range of topography, mainly were found at the lowland to inclined area, but also found in limited number at hilly area with good drainage. Soil type were varies from sandy podsolik to forest clay soils. Better growth performance were found at wetland forest climate with maximum temperature range from 24-33°C and minimum 6-16°C; elevation 0-750 m a.s.l with mean annual rainfall 900-2300 mm. Grow quickly at tropical lowland and sub-humid climate condition, but can also tolerate the poor soil and rock in coastal area.

Usage

Building construction wood, industrial of crafting, and firewood.

Intsia bijuga (A. Gray)

Botanical name : Intsia bijuga (Colebr.) O.Kuntcze

Local name : Kayu besi, merbau, kadimbil

Distribution

From Tanzania and Madagaskar through Southern India and Burma, towards Malesia, Northern Australia and Polynesia.

Physiological characteristics

A medium-sized to large tree up to 50 m tall, bole branchless for up to 20 m and up to 160(-250) cm in diameter; leaves with 2(-3) pairs of leaflets, leaflets thinly leathery with an acute to cuneate base and an acute to emarginate apex, 3,5-11 cm x 1,5-8 cm. I. bijuga occurs most frequently in coastal forests and along tidal rivers but it also found inland up to 600 m altitude. Seedling with epigeal germination.

Propagation methods

Merbau seeds are protected by a hard seed-coat which is impermeable to water. Mature seeds have a moisture content of less than 10 % and hence can survive for more than 3 years without any specific treatment. Germination may take up to nearly 2 years. Vegetative propagation of merbau by means of 60 cm long was tested in Philipines. Six weeks after planting in a sandy clay-loam medium the mortality rate was 62%.

Silviculture methods

After logging, dormant seeds in the soil can germinate abundantly in gaps around the stumps. Merbau is apparently a successful secondary forest tree. In Papua New Guinea a 50-year rotation or natural stands has reported as suitable, but in Malaysia it has been estimated that a rotation of some120 years would be required merbau in plantations.

Usage

I. bijuga is an important source of merbau timber. Bark and leaves are used medicinally, building construction, bridge, pole, veneer and the seeds can be eaten after careful preparation.

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Agathis lorantifolia Salisb

Botanical name : Agathis lorantifolia Salisb.

Local name : Indonesia: dammar raja, kisi, salo. Philippines: dayungon

Distribution : The Philippines, Sulawesi and the Moluccas.

Physiological characteristics

A very large tree up to 65 m tall; adult leaves elliptical, tapering towards the rounded apex, with solitary resin canals. A. lorantifolia is scattered but locally common in lowland rain forest up to 1200 m altitude.

Propagation methods

Natural regeneration may occur under shade near mother trees, but seedlings are often rare. Naturally established seedlings in plantations can be used as planting stock. Artificial regeneration is mainly by sowing. It is not recommended collected fallen seeds. The weight of 1000 dry seeds is about 200 g. seed must be sown as soon as possible, because the viability drops rapidly, from 90-100% initially to zero after some weeks.

Silviculture methods

Commercial plantations should be be on gentle slopes on well-drained soils worth good aeration. Extensive clearing, often accompanied by burning, is required to prepare the sites. Initially it is preferable to retain some overhead shade from shade trees, but in the sapling period, openings in the canopy are needed for further successful growth. Young plantations must be weeded. The usual rotation for pulpwood production is 20 years in Java, but a longer rotation is needed for timber production.

Usage

The wood is used as kauri. A. lorantifolia is an important source of copal resin. It is excellent for joinery, boat building (especially masts), construction under cover, household utensils, paneling, turnery, moldings, packaging and foundry pattern making.

Last Updated ( Sunday, 26 August 2007 )

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